The Digital Dimension of European Cultural Politics: Index, Intellectual Property and Internet Governance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.113317Keywords:
Digitization of cultural heritage, EU cultural policy, EU citizenship, Intellectual Property, digital culture, Internet governance, privatizationAbstract
The Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) have become dominant fields for European Union (EU) politics. What used to be at the outer fringes of the EU policies has now taken centre stage. The transnational and dialogical structure of the Internet has hardwired it for international cultural politics, yet the very same structure also works to erode the very territorial foundation of traditional cultural politics. Given the delicate and complex terrain cultural politics traverse in international politics, and the trailblazing progression of the Internet, it seems on-line cultural politics is not just the application of existing cultural politics to cyberspace but a new field to be explored, analyzed and taught. The present article maps a constituent European cultural boundary on the WWW as the EU has circumscribed it and places this cultural node within a wider array of Europeanization and globalization processes.
References
Abrams, Stephen, Patricia Cruse & John Kunze (2009): "Preservation Is Not a Place", International Journal of Digital Curation 4:1, 8-21.
Ahlert, Christian, Chris Marsden & Chester Yung (year unknown): "How ‘Liberty’ Disappeared from Cyberspace: The Mystery Shopper Tests Internet Content Self-Regulation", http://pcmlp.socleg.ox.ac.uk/sites/pcmlp.socleg.ox.ac.uk/files/liberty.pdf. (accessed 11/08/10).
Beale, Alison (1999): "Development and ’Desetatisation’ in European Cultural Policy", Media International Australia, Incorporating Culture & Policy, 90:Feb, 91-105.
Bécourt, Daniel (1990): "The French Revolution and Author’s Rights: Towards a New Universalism", Copyright Bulletin,14:4, 3-13.
Belke, Ansgar & Friedrich Schneider (2006): "Privatization in Austria: Some Theoretical Reasons and Performance Measures", Marko Köthenbürger, Hans-Werner Sinn & John Whalley (eds): Privatization Experiences in the EU, Cambridge Massachussets MIT Press.
Bernstorff, Jochen Von (2003): "Democratic Global Internet Regulation? Governance Networks, International Law and the Shadow of Hegemony", European Law Journal 9:4, 511-526. [Read this article]
Boorsma, Peter B. (1998): "Privatizing the Muse ’and all that Jazz’", Peter B. Boorsma, Annemoon van Hemel & Niki van der Wielen (eds): Privatization and Culture: Experiences in the Arts, Heritage and Cultural Industries in Europe, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishing: 23-49.
Bourdieu, Pierre (1998): Acts of Resistance: Against the New Myths of Our Time. Cambridge, UK, Polity Press.
Branscomb, Anne Wells (1996): "Cyberspaces: Familiar Territory or Lawless Frontiers", Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 2:2.
Brown, Richard Harvey & Beth Davis-Brown (1998): "The Making of Memory: The Politics of Archives, Libraries and Museums in the Construction of National Consciousness", History of the Human Sciences 11:4, 17-32. [Read this article]
Buchanan, Allen (1998): "What’s so Special about Nations?", Jocelyne Couture, Kai Nielsen & Michel Seymour (eds): Rethinking Nationalism, Calgary, University of Calgary Press.
Calhoun, Craig J. (1992): "Habermas and the Public Sphere", Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press.
Castells, Manuel (2009): Communication Power, Oxford: New York, Oxford University Press.
Concordia, Cesare, Stefan Gradmann & Sjoerd Siebinga (2009): "Not (just) a Repository, nor (just) a Digital Library, nor (just) a Portal: A Portrait of Europeana as an API", International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions 36:1, 61–69. [Read this article]
Courant, Paul (2009): "Tome raider: A fuss over the internet search firm’s effort to build a huge digital library", The Economist, 3 September 2009, http://www.economist.com/node/14376406, (accessed 11/08/10).
Dahlberg, Lincoln (2007): "The Internet, Deliberative Democracy, and Power: Radicalizing the Public Sphere", International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics 3:1, 47-64. [Read this article]
Darnton, Robert (2009): "Google and the New Digital Future", N.Y. Review of Books, 18 November 2009, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2009/dec/17/google-and-the-new-digital-future/?page=1, (accessed 11/08/10).
Delanty, Gerard (1995): Inventing Europe : Idea, Identity, Reality, New York, St. Martin’s Press.
Delanty, Gerard (2000): "Social Integration and Europeanization: The Myth of Cultural Cohesion", Yearbook of European Studies,14, 221-238.
Derrida, Jacques (1996): Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Digital Libraries: Recommendations and Challenges for the Future (2009): http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/digital_libraries/doc/hleg/reports/hlg_final_report09.pdf, (accessed 11/08/10).
Durantaye, Katharina De La (2010/11): "H Is For Harmonization: The Google Book Search Settlement and Orphan Works Legislation in the European Union", New York Law School Law Review,55:1, 157-173.
Eriksen, Jens-Martin & Frederik Stjernfelt (2009): "Culturalism: Culture as Political Ideology.", Eurozine, http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2009-01-09-eriksenstjernfelt-en.html (accessed 11 /8/10).
EUROPA: The Need for Accountability in Internet Governance (2010): http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/10/323 (accessed 11/08/10).
EUROPA: Building Trust in Europe’s Online Single Market (2010): http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/10/327 , (accessed 11/08/10).
EUROPA: It is Time for Europe to Turn Over a New E-leaf on Digital Books and Copyright (2009): http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/09/376&format= HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=fr (accessed 11/08/10).
EUROPA: EUROPEANA: un voyage à travers la culture européenne (2008): http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/08/633 , (accessed 11/08/10).
EUROPA: A Soul for Europe (2006): http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference =SPEECH/06/706&format=HTML&aged=1&language=EN&guiLanguage=en), (accessed 11/08/10).
EUROPA: Commission Laucnhes Five-year Strategy to Boost the Digital Economy (2005): http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/05/643&format=HTML&aged=0&lan (accessed 11/08/10).
EUROPA: Commission Unveils Plans for European Digital Libraries (2005): http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/05/1202&format=HTML&aged=0&language=en&guiLanguage=en (accessed 11/08/10).
EUROPA: The Role of Libraries in the Information Society (2005), http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/05/566, (accessed 11/08/10).
European Commission Culture: Article 167 (2010): http://ec.europa.eu/culture/key-documents/doc1841_en.htm, (accessed 11/08/11).
European Culture Portal: http://ec.europa.eu/culture/portal/activities/heritage/cultural_heritage_vehic_en.htm, (accessed 11/08/10).
Europeana - Next Steps (2009): http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2009:0440:FIN:en:PDF, (accessed 11/08/10).
Farchy, Joëlle (2004): "L’exception culturelle, combat d’arrière-garde?", Quaderni, 54, 67-79. [Read this article]
Flanagan, Mary, Daniel C. Howe & Helen Nissenbaum (2008): "Embodying values in technology: Theory and Practice", Jeroen van der Hoven & John Weckert (eds): Information Technology and Moral Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Galtung, Johan (1994): "The Emerging European Supernationalism", International Journal of Sociology,24:2/3, 148-165.
Gammeltoft-Hansen, Thomas (2011): Access to Asylum : International Refugee Law and the Globalisation of Migration Control, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Read this article]
Gitelman, Lisa (2006): Always Already New: Media, History and the Data of Culture, Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press.
Habermas, Jürgen (1994): "Three Normative Models of Democracy", Constellations, 1:1, 1-10. [Read this article]
Habermas, Jürgen (2005): "Equal Treatment of Cultures and the Limits of Postmodern Liberalism", The Journal of Political Philosophy, 13:1, 1-28. [Read this article]
Habermas, Jürgen & Jacques Derrida (2003): "February 15, or what Binds Europeans Together: A Plea for a Common Foreign Policy, Beginning in the Core of Europe ", Constellations, 10:3, 291-297. [Read this article]
Hajer, Maarten (2003): "Policy Without Polity? Policy Analysis and the Institutional Void", Policy Sciences 36, 175-195. [Read this article]
Halbwachs, Maurice (1925): Les cadres sociaux de la mémoire, Paris, F. Alcan.
Hall, Ben (2009): "Paris Court to Hear Case on Google Books", Financial Times, 24 September 2009, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/5f377278-a869-11de-9242-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1W8Vk3a1W (accessed 11/08/10).
Heath, Tom & Christian Bizer (2011): Linked Data: Evolving the Web into a Global Data Space, Morgan & Claypool.
Hesse, Carla (2002): "Intellectual property, 700 B.C.—A.D.2000: An Idea in the Balance", Daedalus,131:2, 26-45.
Hix, Simon (1998): "The Study of the European Union II: The “New Governance” Agenda and Its Rival", Journal of European Public Policy, 5:1, 38–65. [Read this article]
Hooghe, Liesbet & Neill Nugent (2006): The Commission’s Services, John Peterson & Michael Shackleton (eds): The institutions of the European Union, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Huyssen, Andreas (2003): Present pasts : urban palimpsests and the politics of memory, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
i2010: digital libraries (2005): http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM: 2005:0465:FIN:EN:HTML, (accessed 11/08/10).
Internet Governance Forum: Creating Opportunities for All (2009): http://www.ifap.ru/library/book481.pdf, (accessed 11/08/10).
Internet Governance: The Next Steps (2009): http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2009:0277:FIN:EN:PDF, (accessed 11/08/10).
Jeanneney, Jean-Noël (2007): Google and the Myth of Universal Knowledge Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.
Jeffries, Stuart (2010): "A Rare Interview with Jürgen Habermas", Financial Times, 30 April 2010: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/eda3bcd8-5327-11df-813e-00144feab49a.html#axzz1W7sRPF3F (accessed 11/8/10).
Kaufmann, Therese & Gerald Raunig (2002): "Identity Matters: On European Cultural Policy",http://eipcp.net/policies/aecp/kaufmannraunig/en, (accessed 11/8/10).
Kittler, Friedrich A. (1999): Gramophone, Film, Typewriter, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
Knowledge in the Knowledge Economy (2008): http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/copyright/docs/copyright-infso/greenpaper_en.pdf, (accessed 11/08/10).
Knill, Christoph & Dirk Lehmkuhl (2002): "The National Impact of European Union Regulatory Policy: Three Europeanization Mechanisms", European Journal of Political Research, 41, 255–280. [Read this article]
Kreis, Georg (2006): Welche Demokratie braucht Europa. Was ist europäisch? Die Vielfalt von Gedächtnissen oder die Eindeutigkeit von europäischen Werten, Wien, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Kreis, Georg (1989): Liberalism, Community, and Culture, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kymlicka, Will (1997): States, Nations and Cultures, Assen: Van Gorcum.
Latour, Bruno (1992): "Where are the Missing Masses? The Sociology of a Few Mundane Artifacts", Wiebe E. Bijker & John Law (eds): Shaping Technology/Building Society : Studies in Sociotechnical Change, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press.
Leib, Volker (2002): "ICANN – EU can’t: Internet Governance and Europe’s Role in the Formation of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)", Telematics and Informatics, 19, 159–171. [Read this article]
Leib, Volker (1999): "Open Code and Open Societies: Values of Internet Governance", Sibley Lecture, Athens, Georgia, University of Georgia: 1-21.
Lessig, Lawrence (2004): Free Culture: How Big Media Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Control Creativity, New York, Penguin Press.
Letter from Commission President Barroso (2005): http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/digital_libraries/doc/letter_2/index_en.htm, (accessed 11/8/10).
Liguori, Laura & Federica de Santis (2011): "The ’Right to be Forgotten’: Privacy and Online News", Media Laws, 18 February 2011: http://www.medialaws.eu/the-“right-to-be-forgotten”-privacy-and-online-news/, (accessed 11/8/10).
MacCormick, Neil (1997): "Democracy, Subsidiarity, and Citizenship in the ‘European Commonwealth", Law and Philosophy 16:4, 331-356.
Margalit, Avishai & Joseph Raz (1995): National Self-Determination, Will Kymlicka (ed): The rights of minority cultures, Oxford: Oxford University Press: 79-92.
Margalit, Avishai & Joseph Ra (2003): "The Shape of Governance: Analyzing the World of Internet Regulation", Virginia Journal of International Law, 43, 1-80.
Margalit, Avishai & Joseph Ra (2005): "In Search of the Story: Narratives of Intellectual Property", Virginia Journal of Law & Technology, 10:11, 1-19.
Mayer-Schönberger, Viktor (2009): Delete: The Virtue of Forgetting in the Digital Age, Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.
McCrary, Quincy (2011): "The Political Nature of Digital Cultural Heritage", Liber Quarterly, 20:3/4, 357-368.
Morley, David & Kevin Robins (1995): Spaces of Identity : Global Media, Electronic Landscapes and Cultural Boundaries, London, Routledge. [Read this article]
Myerson, George (1998): "The Electronic Archive", History of the Human Sciences,11:4, 85-101. [Read this article]
Müller, Jan-Werner (2007): Constitutional Patriotism, Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.
Mörth, Ulrika (2009). "The Market Turn in EU Governance—The Emergence of Public–Private Collaboration", Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions,22:1, 99–120.
Nas, Sjoera (2003): "The Future of Freedom of Expression Online: Why ISP Self-Regulation is a Bad Idea", Christiane Hardy & Christian Möller (eds): Spreading the Word on the Internet: 16 Answers to 4 Questions, Vienna, OSCE: 165-173.
Nye, Joseph S. (2004): Power in the Global Information Age : From Realism to Globalization, London, New York, Routledge.
O’Brien, Kevin & Eric Pfanner (2009): "European Opposition Mounts Against Google’s Selling Digitized Books", N.Y. Times, 23 August 2009: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/24/technology/internet/24books.html (accessed 11/08/10).
Pantel, Melissa (1999): "Unity-In-Diversity: Cultural Policy and EU Legitimacy", Thomas F. Banchoff and Mitchell P. Smith (eds): Legitimacy and the European Union: The Contested Polity,London, Routledge: 46-66.
Pfanning, Eric: "After Much Ado, a Google Book Deal in France", N.Y. Times 7 August 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/08/technology/internet/after-much-ado-a-google-book-deal-in-france.html , (accessed 11/8/10).
Pietersee, Jan Nederveen (1999). "Europe, Traveling Light: Europeanization and Globalization", The European Legacy, 4:3, 3-17. [Read this article]
Reidenberg, Joel R. (2002): "Yahoo and Democracy on the Internet", Jurimetrics 42, 2002.
Roeder, Martin A. (1940): "The Doctrine of Moral Right: A Study in the Law of Artists, Authors and Creators", Harvard Law Review, 53, 554-578. [Read this article]
Rogers, Richard (2008): "The Politics of Web Space", http://www.govcom.org/publications/full_list/rogers_politics_web_space_2008_pre.pdf, (accessed 11/8/10).
Rosenmeier, Morten (2001): Værkslæren i ophavsretten, Copenhagen, Jurist- og Økonomforbundets Forlag.
Samuelson, Pamela (1999): "Implications of the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights for Cultural Dimensions of National Copyright Laws", Journal of Cultural Economics,23:1-2, 95-107. [Read this article]
Schinkel, Willem & Friso van Houdt (2010): "The Double Helix of Cultural Assimilationism and Neo-liberalism: Citizenship in Contemporary Governmentality", The British Journal of Sociology,61:4, 696-715. [Read this article] PMid:21138428
Schmitt, Carina (2011): "What Drives the Diffusion of Privatization Policy? Evidence from the Telecommunications Sector", Journal of Public Policy,31:1, 95-117. [Read this article]
Shore, Cris (2000): Building Europe : The Cultural Politics of European Integration. London, Routledge.
Shore, Cris (1993): "Inventing ‘‘People’s Europe’: Critical Approaches to European Community ‘Cultural Policy", Man. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute,28:4, 779-800.
Smith, Anthony D. (1992): "National Identity and the Idea of European Unity.", International Affairs, 68:1, 55-76. [Read this article]
Smithuijsen, Cas (1998): "De-monopolizing Culture: Privatisation and Culture in 23 European countries", Peter B. Boorsma, Annemoon van Hemel and Niki van der Wielen (eds): Privatization and Culture: Experiences in the Arts, Heritage and Cultural Industries in Europe. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers: 82-95.
Staiger, Uta (2009): "New Agendas? Culture and Citizenship in EU policy", International Journal of Cultural Policy,15:1, 1-16. [Read this article]
Stiegler, Bernard (2010): "Le Mépris - Contempt.", TeamWork network, http://www.cultureactioneurope.org/component/content/article/548-le-mepris-contempt?lang=en, (accessed 11/8/10).
Stiegler, Bernard (2010): "Telecracy Against Democracy", Cultural Politics,6:2, 171-180. [Read this article]
Stiegler, Bernard & Jean-Marc Adolphe (2005): Constituer l’Europe. Paris, Galilée.
Taylor, Charles (2004): Modern Social Imaginaries, Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.
Taylor, Charles & Amy Gutmann (1994): Multiculturalism, Examining the Politics of Recognition, Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press.
Teilmann-Lock, Stine (2009): British and French Copyright: A Historical Study of Aesthetic Implications, Copenhagen, Djoef.
The New Renaissance (2011): http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/digital_libraries/doc/refgroup/final_report_cds.pdf, (accessed 11/08/10).
Velody, Irving (1998): "The Archive and the Human Sciences: Notes Towards a Theory of the Archive", History of the Human Sciences,11:4, 1-16. [Read this article]
Venturelli, Shalini (2002): "Inventing e-regulation in the US, EU and East Asia: Conflicting Social Visions of the Information Society", Telematics and Informatics,19, 69-90. [Read this article]
Vernier, Jean-Marc (2004): "L’État français à la recherche d’une politique culturelle du cinéma: de son invention à sa dissulation gestionnaire ", Quaderni,54:Spring: 95-108. [Read this article]
Weiler, Joseph H. H. (1997): "To be a European Citizen – Eros and Civilization", Journal of European Public Policy,4:4, 495-519. [Read this article]
Winner, Langdon (1986): The Whale and the Reactor : A Search for Limits in an Age of High Technology, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Wu, Tim (2010): The Master Switch : The Rise and Fall of Information Empires, New York, Alfred A. Knopf.
Wu, Tim & Jack Goldsmith (2006): Who Controls the Internet? Illusions of a Borderless World, New York: Oxford University Press.
Yakel, Elizabeth (2007): "Digital Curation", OCLC Systems and Services,23:4, 335-340. [Read this article]
Zajko, Vanda (1998): "Myth as Archive", History of the Human Sciences,11:4, 103-119. [Read this article]
Zeinstra, Maarten & Paul Keller (year unknown): "Open Linked Data and Europeana", http://www.version1.europeana.eu/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=374c381f-a48b-4cf0-bbde-172cf03672a2&groupId=10602 (accessed 11/8/10).
Zittrain, Jonathan (2008): The Future of the Internet and How to Stop it, New Haven, Connecticut; Yale University Press.
Žižek, Slavoj (1997): "Multiculturalism, Or, the Cultural Logic of Multinational Capitalism", New Left Review,225:September/October, 28-51.
Interviews
Interview anonymous senior staff, Europeana, 2011
Interview Dr. Stefan Gradmann, responsible for Europeana’s semantic interoperability, Berlin, 2011.
Interview Luca Martinelli, Principal Administrator at the European Commission, Directorate General "Information Society and Media", Luxembourg, 2011.
Interview Marisol Pérez Guevara, Administrator at the European Commission, Directorate-General Information Society and Media, Unit Audiovisual and Media Policies, Bruxelles, 2011.
Interview Hans Jansen, Director of e-Strategy, Europeana, Den Haag, 2010.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2011 Thylstrup
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License.
Copyright for all manuscripts rests with the author(s). The editors reserve the right to edit manuscripts. Contributors are responsible for acquiring all permissions from the copyright owners for the use of quotations, illustrations, tables, etc. Each author must, before final publication fill, in a publishing agreement provided by LiU E-Press.
Since 2021 Culture Unbound uses a Creative Commons: Attribution license for new articles, which allows users to distribute the work and to reform or build upon it without the author's permission. Full reference to the author must be given. For older articles please see each article landing page.
